Open+Ocean+Facts

==__ ​The Open Ocean Biome Facts Page __ //Lauren B. and Christine R //__// Monerans //__== There are many types of monerans in the open ocean. Two examples are, the //Nitrobacter winogradskyi// and the //Prochlorothrix hollandica//.
 * Monerans** are single-celled organisms, and do not have a nucleus.

// Nitrobacter winogradskyi // The scientific name of this organism is //Nitrobacter winogradskyi//. The shape is bacilli. The Nitrobacter winogradskyi is found in soil and natural stone. It can also be found in salt and fresh water.

**Facts about the** //** Prochlorothrix hollandica __ ​ __ **//
 * //Prochlorothrix hollandica// is an oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote//.//
 * Oxygenic photosynthesis is a way of applying light energy to generate electrons from water.
 * A prokaryote is a single-celled organism, that are about one micrometer in diameter.

** Scientific name: ** //Proch////lorothrix hollandic//** Shape: ** Spirilla **Where they live:** In the open ocean

**__ Protists __**​ ​ __ Algae __ **Algae** is defined as a diverse group of mainly aquatic organisms, that lack true stems, leaves, and roots. One type of algae in the open ocean is the Dinoflagellata. Dinoflagellates are abundant in plankton, and occasionally occur in large numbers. When they come in very large numbers, the water looks as though it is red. This algal bloom is called Red Tide. Dinoflagellates are also bioluminescent. That means that they can produce light. They can be found in freshwater environments, but they are mostly marine species so they live in oceans, seas, and coral reefs. There are over 2,000 species, and 130 genera in the dinoflagellates group. One certain cell in the dinoflagellata, is the //Ceratium-dinoflagellates.// __Below is an image of the__ //__Ceratium-dinoflagellates__.//
 * Protists** are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, (which means that they are made up of cells and have a true nucleus), including algae and protozoans.

__Protzoans__ Protozoans are animal like organisms with no cell walls and no chlorophyll. One example of protozoan in the open ocean is the //Frontonia leucas.// The //Frontonia leucas// is found in running and stagnant water. It also live in sediment at depths up to five centimeters. Another place it is found is in plankton.



**__Fungi __** **Fungi-** are multi-cellular organisms, that have no chlorophyll and absorb nutrients.

__**Ascomycota:**__ one of the largest phylums in the kingdom fungi that are distinguished by the presence of the ascus, which is also known as a saclike cell.

// Haligena salina- // grows in brackish and fresh water areas, as well as marine areas. The taxonomy for this fungi is as follows:


 * **Kingdom:** Fungi
 * **Phylum:** Ascomycota
 * **Class:** Sordariomycetes
 * **Order:** Halosphaeriales
 * **Family:** Halosphaeriaceae
 * **Genus:** //Haligena//
 * **Species:** //salina//

__**Ascomycota:**__ one of the largest phylums in the kingdom fungi that are distinguished by the presence of the ascus, which is also known as a saclike cell.

//Zopfiella marina-// grows in marine biomes like the open ocean. This marine fungus lives in a water temperature of 20°C. Its scientific classification is as follows:


 * **Kingdom:** Fungi
 * **Phylum:** Ascomycota
 * **Class:** Ascomycetes [[image:Zopfiella width="186" height="133" align="right" caption="A microscopic view."]] [[image:ascomycota.jpg width="168" height="118" align="right" caption="A photo of the marine fungus listed above."]]
 * **Order:** Sordariales
 * **Family:** Lasiosphaeriaceae
 * **Genus:** //Zopfiella//
 * **Species:** //marina//

​

//Olphidium marinium-// grows in marine biomes such as Open Ocean//.// It has no common name. The taxonomy is as follows:
 * __Chytridiomycota:__** A division in the kingdom fungi, they are the smallest and simplest fungi in the Fungi kingdom and live in siol or water.
 * **Kingdom:** Fungi
 * **Phylum:** Chyridiomycota
 * **Class:** Chyridiomycotes[[image:Olphidium.jpg width="152" height="101" align="right" caption="I picture in this genus "]]
 * **Order:** Spizellomycetales
 * **Family:** Olpidianceae
 * **Genus:** //Olphidium//
 * **Species:** //marinium//

**__Zygomycotes:__** A class in the kingdom fungi. They are treadlike with a spore at the end.
//Mortierella minutissima-// Grows in marine biomes such as Open Ocean. It has no common name. The taxonomy is as follows:
 * **Kingdom:** Fungi
 * **Phylum:** Zygomycota
 * **Class:** Zygomycotes[[image:Mortierella.jpg align="right" caption="A picture of this Zygomycota"]]
 * **Order:** Mortierelles
 * **Family:** Mortierellaceae
 * **Genus:** //Mortierella//
 * **Species:** //minutissima//

__**Chromalveolate** __

​ Heterokontophyta: The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes (meaning they have a nucleus) containing over 100,000 known species
 * Chromalveolate:** is a eukyrote subgroup first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as a refinement of the his kingdom Chomista.
 * //Bacteriastrum furcatum//:** Found off the east coast of Asia. In 1962 there was one record of Bacteriastrum furcatum, but by 1978 thier were 301 records.
 * Kingdom:** Chromista[[image:Bacteriastrum.jpg align="right"]][[image:16359_meunier-1915-plaat-8.jpg align="right"]]
 * Infrakingdom:** Heterokonta
 * Phylum:** Bacillariophyta
 * Class:** Coscinodiscophyceae
 * Order:** Chaetocerotales
 * Family:** Chaetocerotaceae
 * Genus:** //Bacteriastrum//
 * Species:** //furcatium//

Heterokontophyta: The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes (meaning they have a nucleus) containing over 100,000 known species
 * //Rhabdonema adriaticum://** Found in the Gulf of Maine and Northwest Atlantic. There are only about six species in this //Rhabdonema// genus.
 * Kingdom:** Chromista[[image:Rhabdonema.jpg width="240" height="180" align="right"]]
 * Infrakingdom:** Heterokonta
 * Phylum:** Bacillariophyta
 * Class:** Fragilariophyceae
 * Order:** Rhabdonemateles
 * Family:** Rhabdonemataceae
 * Genus:** //Rhbdonema//
 * Species:** //adriaticum//

Heterokontophyta: The heterokonts or straenopiles are a major line if eukarytes (meaning they have no nucleus) containing over 100,000 known species.
 * //Campyloneis grevillei://** Found off the coast of Madagascar. [[image:Campylonesis.jpg width="199" height="158" align="right"]][[image:Campylonesis2.jpg width="141" height="158" align="right"]]It was once thought to be a plant, but has been changed to Chromista.
 * Kingdom:** Chromista
 * Infrakingdom:** Heterokonta
 * Phylum:** Bacillariophyta
 * Class:** Bacillariophyceae
 * Order:** Achnanthales
 * Family:** Cocconeidaceae
 * Genus:** //Campyloneis//
 * Species:** //grivillei//

Cryptophyta: The cryptomonads or cryptophytes are a group of algae. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. **//Goniomonas pacifica://** Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of -183 meters. There are only three species in the //Goniomonas// genus.
 * Kingdom:** Chromista
 * Phylum:** Cryptophyta
 * Class:** Cryptophytaceae
 * Order:** Goniomadales
 * Family:** Goniomonadales
 * Genus:** //Goniomonas//
 * Species:** //pacifica//

​Cryptophyta: The cryptomonads or cryptophytes are a group of algae. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. ​**//Chroomonas acuta://** Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of 2 meters. Chroomonas acuta used to be apart of the plant kingdom but was recently changed to chromista.
 * Kingdom:** Chromista[[image:Chroomonas_acuta.jpg width="147" height="129" align="right"]]
 * Phylum:** Cryptophyta
 * Class:** Cryptophytaceae
 * Order:** Pyrenomonadales
 * Family:** Chroomonadaceae
 * Genus:** //Chroomonas//
 * Species:** //acuta//

Haptophyta: classed either as the Prymnesiophyta or Haptophyta, is a phylum of algae.
 * //Helicopontosphaera kamptneri://** Found in deep ocean. There are approxomately 3 species in this genus.
 * //K//ingdom:** Chromista
 * Phylum:** Haptophyta
 * Class:** Haptophyta incertae sedis
 * Order:** Not assigned
 * Family:** Not assigned
 * Genus:** //Helicopontosphaera//
 * Species:** //kamptneri//

Ciliophora: A class of protozoans having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface. //** Leptopharynx torpens: **// Found in marine biomes. It was found by a person with the last name of Kahl, in 1931.
 * Kingdom:** Protoctista
 * Phylum:** Ciliophora
 * Subphylum:** Intramacronucleata
 * Class:** Nassophorea
 * Order:** Microthoracida
 * Family:** Leptopharyngidae
 * Genus:** //Leptopharynx//
 * Species:** //torpens//


 * (Could not find a picture of this Ciliophora)**

Ciliophora: A class of a protozoans having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface.
 * //Loxodes straitus://** Located in any salt water areas. It was origanally supposed to be found in marine, brackish, fresh, and terrestrial areas, but now only marine.
 * Kingdom:** Protoctista[[image:sp_7.jpg width="203" height="148" align="right"]][[image:Loxodes2.jpg width="187" height="138" align="right"]]
 * Phylum:** Ciliophora
 * Class:** Karyorelictea
 * Order:** Loxodida
 * Family:** Loxodidae
 * Genus:** //Loxodes//
 * Species:** //straitus​//

Apicomplexa: A large group of protists, most of which contain an apicoplast and a complex structure, also, they are unicellular.
 * // Aggregata andresi: //**Found in marine environments. It was actually recently discovered in the year 2005.
 * Kingdom:** Protoctista
 * Phylum:** Apicomplexa
 * Class:** Apicomplexa incertae sedis
 * Order:** Not identified
 * Family:** Aggregatidae
 * Genus:** //Aggregata//
 * Species:** //andresi//


 * (Could not find an image of this Apicomplexa)**

Apicomplexa: A large group of protists, most of which contain an apicoplast and a complex structure, also, they are unicellular. //**Cryptosporidium molnari:**// This Apricomplexa is located in salt water biomes. It was found in 2002 by, Alvarez-Pellitero and Sitja-Bobadilla.
 * Kingdom:** Protoctista[[image:apicomplexa_2.jpg width="149" height="156" align="right"]]
 * Phylum:** Apicomplexa[[image:sem.jpg align="right"]]
 * Class:** Apicomplexa incertae sedis
 * Order:** Not identified
 * Family:** Cryptosporidiidae
 * Genus:** //Crptosporidium//
 * Species:** //molnari//

Dinoflagellata: A group of flagellate protists that are mostly marine organisms. There are about 2000 different species of Dinoflagellata. **// N​octiluca scintillans ://** It is found in marine environments. And, supposely was found by someone with the last name of Macartney in 1810, and then Kofoid in 1920. **Kingdom:** Protoctista
 * Phylum:** Dinomastigota (synonym for Dinoflagellata)[[image:Dinoflagellata.jpg width="139" height="150" align="right"]]
 * Class:** Dinophyceae
 * Order:** Noctilucales
 * Family:** Noctilucaceae
 * Genus:** //Noctiluca//
 * Species:** //scintillans//

Dinoflagellata: A group of flagellate protists that are mostly marine organisms. There are about 2000 different species of Dinoflagellata.
 * //Ceratium tripos://** Found in marine biomes, specificaly the Northwest Altantic Ocean, Gulf of Maine, and the North Sea. Its predators are marine microorganisms and animal larvae.
 * Kingdom:** Protoctista
 * Phylum:** Dinomastigota (synonym for Dinoflagellata)[[image:ceratium_tripos.jpg width="132" height="160" align="right"]]
 * Class:** Dinophyceae
 * Order:** Peridiniales
 * Family:** Ceratiaceae
 * Genus:** //Ceratium//
 * Species:** //tripos//

**Animals ** **Multi cellular, digest food inside body**

//**Asterias rubens,**// or Common Seastar: Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of 10 meters
 * Echinodermata: ** Live in salt water, spiny skeleton, arms, able to regenerate (the acility of some organisms to grow new body parts.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Echinodermata
 * Class:** Asteroidea
 * Order:** Forcipulatida
 * Family:** Asteriidae
 * Genus:** //Asterias//
 * Species:** //rubens//

//**Eutonia indicans,**// or Umbrella Jellyfish: Located in cool, northern oceans.
 * Coelenterata:** Live in water, two layers separated by a jelly-like substance, one opening for food and waste.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Coelenterata
 * Class:** Hydrozoa
 * Order:** Leptothecata
 * Family:** Eirenidae
 * Genis:** //Eutonia//
 * Species:** //indicans//

//**Architeuthis dux,**// or Giant Squid: Found in the southern ocean.
 * Mollusca:** Soft bodies, well developed organ systems, some with hard shells.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Mollusca
 * Class:** Cephalopoda
 * Order:** Oegopsida
 * Family:** Architeuthidae
 * Genus:** //Architeuthis//
 * Species:** //dux//

//**Orcinus Orca,**// or Killer Whale: Found worldwide, especially in cooler seas.
 * Mammalia:** Characterized by a covering of hair on the skin, warmblooded, and produce milk to feed young.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Chordata
 * Class:** Mammalia
 * Order:** Cetartiodactyla
 * Family:** Delphinidae
 * Genus:** //Orcinus//
 * Species:** //Orca//

//**Carcharodon carcharias,**// or Great White Shark: Mainly found on coastal or offshore of continental and incular shelves, but can also be found off oceanic islands far from shore.
 * Chondrichthyes:** Skeleton of cartilage, strong jaws, fleshy fins, gills, teeth, lay eggs, ectotherm (match the heat of thier envitonment).
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Chordata
 * Class:** Chondrichthyes
 * Order:** Lamniformes
 * Family:** Lamnidae
 * Genus:** //Carcharodoa//
 * Species:** //carcharias//

//**Eptatretus profundus,**// or Pacific Hagfish:
 * Myxini:** No appendages, paracites, gills,skeletons of cartage, ectotherm.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Chordata
 * Class:** Myxini
 * Order:** Myxiniformes
 * Family:** Myxinidae
 * Genus:** //Eptatretus//
 * Species:** //profundus//

//**Homarus americanus,**// or Maine (or American) Lobster: They live on the ocean floors.
 * Arthropoda:** A segmented body, open circulartory system, jointed appendages, well-developed,solid nerve cord, well-developed sense organs.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Arthropoda
 * Class:** Malacostraca
 * Order:** Decapoda
 * Family:** Nephropidae
 * Genus:** //Homarus//
 * Species:** //americanus//


 * Mollusca:** Soft bodies, well developed organ systems, some have hard shells.
 * //Tridacna gigas,//** or Giant Clam: They are found living on the ocean floors, and also found on sea floors.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Mollusca[[image:giantclam.jpg width="140" height="175" align="right"]]
 * Class:** Bivalvia
 * Order:** Euheterodonta incertae sedis
 * Family:** Not identified
 * Superfamily:** Cardioidea
 * Genus:** //Tridacna//
 * Species:** //gigas//

//**Neoancistrocrania norfolki,**// or : Found in marine biomes, and mostly found in the Tropical West Pacific Ocean.
 * Brachiopoda:** Invertebrates, sessile, two-valved, marine animals.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Brachiopoda
 * Class:** Craniata
 * Order:** Craniida
 * Family:** Craniidae
 * Genus:** //Neoancistrocrania//
 * Species:** //norfolki//


 * (Could not find a picture of this Brachiopoda or a common name)**


 * Reptilia:** Cold blooded vertebrates, lay hard-shelled eggs, usually have scales or scutes.
 * //Chelonia mydas agassizii,//** or black/ Eastern Pacific green turtle: Found in shallow coastal waters, bays, lagoons, estuaries, and occasionally found in the open ocean.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Chordata[[image:Sea_turtle.jpg width="169" height="115" align="right"]]
 * Class:** Reptilia
 * Order:** Testudines (or Chelonia)
 * Family:** Cheloniidae- with scutes **OR** Dermochelyidae- scuteless
 * Genus:** //Chelonia//
 * Species:** //mydas//
 * Subspecies:** //agassizii//


 * Osteichthyes:** Generally spindle-shaped, most have scales, most have gills, flattened either sideways, lay eggs.
 * //Hippocampus hippocampus//**, or short-snouted seahorse:[[image:shortsnout_seahorse.jpg width="191" height="155" align="right"]] They can be found in ocean waters.
 * Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Phylum:** Chordata
 * Class:** Osteichthyes
 * Order:** Gasterosteiformes
 * Family:** Syngnathidae
 * Genus:** //Hippocampus//
 * Species:** //hippocampus//

warm oceans, mainly in the southern hemisphere.**Kingdom:** Animalia
 * Chondrichthyes:** Skeleton of cartilage, strong jaws, fleshy fins, gills, teeth, lays eggs, ectotherm.
 * //Squatina squatina//**, or angel fish, fiddle fish, monkfish, puppy-fish: Found hidden in sand or mud. They live on ocean floors, and live in
 * Phylum:** Chordata[[image:Angelfish.jpg width="160" height="125" align="right"]]
 * Class:** Chondrichthyes
 * Order:** Squatiniformes
 * Family:** Squatinidae
 * Genus:** //Squatina//
 * Species:** //squatina//

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